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Furthermore, SCFAs might regulate energy homeostasis through binding to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), GPR41 and GPR43, on intestinal epithelial cells (53), resulting in enhanced production and secretion of gut hormones (25, 32, 56), namely, peptide YY (PYY) (59) and glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2) (60)

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A few side effects have been noted, but most of these occur early on during the usage stage, when the body is becoming used to the substance

Then, glutamate (10 mM) and succinate (10 mM) were added to induce CI and CII substrate-linked respiration