Increased superoxide anion formation in endothelial cells during hyperglycemia: An adaptive response or initial step of vascular dysfunction?Diabetes Res Clin Pract
The History of the Discovery of the Amino Acids II
These include (1) decreased availability of amino acids (malnutrition, maldigestion, and malabsorption), (2) catabolic states (hyperthyroidism, Cushings syndrome, burns, postsurgery recovery), (3) protein-losing states (nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy), (4) actions of cytokines (decrease in transport proteins such as albumin, transferrin, and lipoproteins, but increase in inflammatory response modifiers such as 1 -antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, and 2 -macroglobulin), (5) action of hormones (such as growth hormone, cortisol, estrogen, androgens, and thyroid hormones) to increase or decrease production of specific proteins, and (6) congenital deficiency states (Wilsons disease and 1 -antitrypsin deficiency)
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